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Dynamic delineation of management zones for site-specific nitrogen fertilization in a citrus orchard

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Abstract

Estimating crop nitrogen status to optimize production and minimize environmental pollution is a major challenge for modern agriculture. The study objective was to develop a multivariate spatiotemporal dynamic clustering approach to generate Nitrogen (N) Management Zones (MZs) in a citrus orchard during the growing season. The research was conducted in four citrus plots in the coastal area of Israel. Five variables were selected to characterize each plot’s spatiotemporal variability of canopy N content. These were split into constant (i.e., elevation, northness, and slope) and non-constant (i.e., canopy N content and tree height) variables. The non-constant data were obtained via bi-monthly imaging campaigns with a multispectral camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) throughout the growing season of 2019. The selected variables were then standardized to define the clusters by applying the Getis-Ord Gi* z-score. These were used to develop a spatiotemporal dynamic clustering model using Fuzzy C-means (FCM). Four input variables were investigated in this final stage, including the constant variables only and different combinations of constant and non-constant variables. The support vector machine regression model results for estimating canopy N-content from multispectral images were R2 = 0.771 and RMSE = 0.227. This model was used to predict monthly canopy-level N content and classify the N content levels based on the October N-to-yield content envelope curve. Delineating MZs was followed by the comparison of spatial association among cluster maps. This process may support site-specific and time-specific nitrogen management.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Center for Fertilization and Plant Nutrition (CFPN; www.cfpn.center).

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Center for Fertilization and Plant Nutrition (CFPN), www.cfpn.center.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel

    D. Termin & R. Linker

  2. Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 7528809, Rishon-Le’Zion, Israel

    S. Baram

  3. Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post-Negev 2, 85280, Negev, Israel

    E. Raveh

  4. Independent Researcher, Variability, Ashalim, 85512, Israel

    N. Ohana-Levi

  5. French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Be’er Sheva, Israel

    D. Termin & T. Paz-Kagan

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Termin, D., Linker, R., Baram, S. et al. Dynamic delineation of management zones for site-specific nitrogen fertilization in a citrus orchard. Precision Agric 24, 1570–1592 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10008-w

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